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| Introduction |
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| Choline is a water soluble B vitamin that can be produced in the body. However, it is often produced in insufficient quantities, making it necessary for humans to get choline from the diet or through supplementation. Choline is mainly involved in activities related to the brain and nervous system. A new form of choline supplement, CDP-choline, may be more effective at treating various neurological and nervous disorders than traditional choline supplements.
In the diet, the best source of choline is egg yolk. Other good sources include organ meats, wheat germ, soybeans, peanuts, and legumes.
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| Reported Uses |
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Because it is involved in neurological function, choline can influence movement, coordination, and muscle contractions. Choline also plays a critical role in higher level brain functions like thought, memory, and intellect. Elsewhere in the body, choline is important for the structural integrity of cell walls, the metabolism of fat, and the production of amino acids and proteins.
In addition to having the potential ability to enhance memory, choline may also be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.(1) Studies suggest that it may improve cognitive function and enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments for the disease.(2, 3, 4) Choline may also improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease.(5, 6)
Choline may also enhance the effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of manic depression.(7, 8) Patients with a nervous disorder known as tardive dyskenesia may also respond to treatment with choline.(9)
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| Dosage Info |
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| Dosage Range |
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Most Common Dosage |
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Dosage Forms |
| 150mg – 3500mg daily. |
300mg, 3 times a day. |
Tablets, capsules, liquid, and powder. |
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| Toxicities & Precautions |
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| Be sure to tell your pharmacist, doctor, or other health care providers about any dietary supplements you are taking. There may be a potential for interactions or side effects. |
General
This dietary supplement is considered safe when used in accordance with proper dosing guidelines. |
Side Effects
Occasional side effects reported with large doses of this dietary supplement include nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness. It can also produce an unpleasant “fishy” odor.(10) It may be necessary to reduce the dose of this dietary supplement. Tell your doctor if these side effects become severe or do not go away. |
Pregnancy/Breast-Feeding
To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects related to fetal development during pregnancy or to infants who are breast-fed. Proper nutrition is essential during pregnancy for the healthy development of the fetus. Numerous vitamins and minerals are a vital part of proper nutrition. If you are pregnant, think you might be pregnant, trying to get pregnant, or breast-feeding an infant, talk to your healthcare professional about supplementing your diet with appropriate vitamins and minerals. |
Age Limitations
To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects specifically related to the use of this dietary supplement in children. Vitamins and minerals are an essential part of proper growth and development. Talk to your healthcare professional about the appropriate use of vitamins and minerals in children. Do not use any vitamin or mineral in children under 2 years of age unless first discussed with your healthcare professional. |
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| Footnotes |
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1 Sitaram N, et al. Choline: Selective Enhancement of Serial Learning and Encoding of Low Imagery Words in Man. Life Sci. May1978;22(17):1555-60.
2 Secades JJ, et al. CDP-choline: Pharmacological and Clinical Review. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. Oct1995;17(Suppl B):2-54.
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3 Ferris SH, et al. Combination of Choline/Piracetam in the Treatment of Senile Dementia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1982;18:94-98.
4 Cacabelos R, et al. A pharmacogenomic approach to Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2000;176:12-9.
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5 Agnoli A, et al. New Strategies in the Management of Parkinson's Disease: A Biological Approach using a Phospholipid Precursor (CDP-choline). Neuropsychobiology. 1982;8(6):289-96.
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6 Secades JJ, et al. CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. Oct1995;17(Suppl B):1-54.
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7 Stoll AL, et al. Choline in the Treatment of Rapid-cycling Bipolar Disorder: Clinical and Neurochemical Findings in Lithium-treated Patients. Biol Psychiatry. Sep1996;40(5):382-88.
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8 Lyoo IK, Demopulos CM, Hirashima F, Ahn KH, Renshaw PF. Oral choline decreases brain purine levels in lithium-treated subjects with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: a double-blind trial using proton and lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bipolar Disord. Aug2003;5(4):300-6.
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9 Nasrallan HA. Variable Clinical Response to Choline in Tardive Dyskinesia. Psychol Med. Aug1984;14(3):697-700.
10 Rehman HU. Fish odor syndrome [see comments]. Postgrad Med J. Aug1999;75(886):451-2.
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